Transformer



A. W. FRIEND TRANSFORMER June 27, 1950 2 Sheets-Sheet l Filed Oct. 2, 1945 INVENTOR ALBERT/X fie/5N0.

ATTORNEY A. W. FRIEND June 27, 1950 TRANSFORMER 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed 001:. 2, 1945 INVENTOR 1415597 fie/0V0 ATTORN EY Fatented June 27, 1950 UNITED TRANSFORMER Albert W. Friend, Collingswdod, N. .L, assignmto Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Application October 2, 1945, Serial No. 619,870 v Claims. (01. s15, 27 V The present invention relates to electrical transformers, especially coupling or output transformers of the type employed in television receiving systems which include a cathode ray imagereproducing tube. 1 More particularly, the invention relates to means whereby a television coupling or output transformer may be utilized to regulate the size of the image raster scanned by the electron beam of such a cathode ray tube.

"The invention herein disclosed constitutes a further development of the invention set forth in my copendlng patent application, Serial No. 619,869, filed concurrently herewith, and entitled Television System, issued October 12, 1948, as Patent No. 2,451,026.

Television receiving systems utilizing the principle of electromagnetic deflection of a cathode ray scanning beam normally include a power output tube which is adapted to deliver cyclically varying current, a portion of each cycle of which varies in a substantially linea manner with respect to time, through a coupling transformer to a pair of cathode ray heam deflection coils encircling the neck of an image-reproducing cathode ray tube. Since the instantaneous angle of deflection of the cathode ray scanning beam is a function of the instantaneous strength of the magnetic deflecting field in the vicinity of the deflection coils, and since this deflecting field is, in turn, dependent upon the amplitude of the current flowing through the deflection coils at such time, it follows that a change in the peak amplitude of the current flowing through the deflection coils will produce a change in the size of the image raster scanned by the cathode ray beam.

In my copending application referred to above, it is pointed out that control over the peak amplitude of the deflecting current for the purpose of image size regulation is normally accomplished by means of a variable inductance shunted across several turns of the secondary winding of the coupling transformer. The tap required on the transformer secondary winding is not only inconvenient from the standpoint of assembly, but also adds to the equipment cost, while the extra variable inductor increases the size and weight of the television apparatus.

molded of powdered iron or other finely divided;

The invention of the above-mentioned copendis achieved by forming, in the transformer core,

an aperture which is adapted'selectivelyto re- W 2 ceive a slug of magnetic material.- This slug, by varying thev permeability of the core as it enters the aperture, changes the overall impedance of the transformer. As a result, the peak ampli-. tude. of the cyclically varying current flowing through the cathode raybeam deflection coils is altered, thus effecting a changein the size of the image raster-scanned by the cathode ray beam. The present invention relates to a simplified} form of coupling or output transformer suitable for useas an image size control in television 'ree ceiving systems. This simplifiedform of couplingtransfonner, as herein disclosed, is preferably molded of powdered or comminuted iron or other finely divided ferro-magnetic material, in combination with a suitable binder. The en-: tire section, or leg, of the core passing through the coil windingsis arranged to be movable relative to the remainder of the core, and is separated into two parts along a cleavage plane essentially normal to theaxis of the coil windings. The two'parts .of the core leg passing through the coil windings thus, :in effect, form two slugs, one or: both of which may be withdrawn from the coils,- along the axis of the coils, to thereby vary the permeability of the core. Such a transformer construction consists, in addition to the coils; themselves, of only four parts-two core frame sections and two core leg sections or slugs-and hence is simply molded, easily assembled, of low, cost, and capable of high performance.v One object of the present invention, therefore,

is to provide an improved form of image size controlfor television receiving systems.

Another object of the present invention is to A still further object of the invention is to provide a coupling or output transformer, suitable for use in television systems, which is simply from the following description of a preferred; form of the invention and from the drawings, in

which:

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a coupling or output transformer in accordance with the present invention, the coil windings being'omittedpinexpensive, and

Fig. 2 is a sectional View of the coupling transformer of Fig. 1, with the coil windings and slugadjusting means added;

Fig. 3 is a top plan View of the coupling transformer of Fig. 2

Fig. 4 is a sectional view of an alternative construction for the two core slugs of the coupling transformer of zFigspl, 2 and 3;' f

Fig. 5 is a diagram of one possible circuit in which the transformer of Figs. 1, 2 and 3 might be employed;

Fig. 6 is a diagram of a simplified circuit equivalent from an impedance standpointto the circuit of Fig.5; and we Fig. 7 is a set of curves usefuhin' determining the operatin characteristics of transformers constructed in accordancemwith. the present invention. i

In Figs. 1, 2 and 3 isshown a coupling or output transformer, generally indicated by the reference character 1 0. The -core of transformer It is composed'of twoma'tching frame pieces I2 and 14, best shown in Fig. -l, and two central leg sections, or slugs, I 6 and 18. Each of these core components 12, I4, I6-and-l 8is molded of some suitable finely divided ferro-magnetic-material, such as powdered or com minuted iron, in combination with a binder.-- 'I he matchingf frame pieces I2 and 14 are each preferably rectangular in shape, with the central portion of the .two long sides of each frame piece being-curved away from the plane ofthe framepieceas shown at 12a, [21), and Maftlb respectively. The inner surface of each of these curved portions :l:2a,'l:2b, Md and Nb is semi-cylindrical in Shapegso that when the matching frame pieces 12 and M are in face-to-face relation, as best shown in Fig. Lat-hen the inner surfaces of curved portions .IZa-and 14a define an aperture oficylindricaloutline, as .do also the 'inner surfaces of curved portions 12b The central-leg section, or slug, I6 is cylindrical in-sha'pe, and is so dimensionedasitoLflt securely in the aperture-of cylindrical outline defined by the curved core portions Ma and 4 4a. Similarly, the cylindrical central aleg section, or.slug, ,l-8is so dimensioned as to fit securely but movably in the 'aperture defined by thescu'rved core portions mb a'nd Mb.

lected position betweenthe:frameipieces l2gand I4, with a predeterminedpercentage of lthe slug extending within :the core. frame and :toward the slug -I"8. The slug l fl onithe iother hand, ,intended to be movable relative-both to slug 1 B and to the frame pieces 12 andtl 4, so thatthe dimens-ions of the airgap 2D between -slugs lI-S and .18 may be varied.

The-means forv moving the slug l 8 relative to the slug [6 is shown in Figs. 2 and 3. .A screw *ZZi-is embedded in, orotherwise securely afiixedto, the

slug [8.1 This screw .2-2- passes throughyarthreaded opening .in a support '24; the latter; being positioned apart from thelcore. frame pieces l 2 and :l 4 by two. spacers 26 and-:28. A plurality -of;screw,s 311 secure support 242130 the 'spacersflfi :and 2 8.

The core framepieces I 2 :and 'l tarezheld against one another as well as against the spacersz26 and 28 by means including two pairs 'of .I'brackets .32 and -34 respectively. flwo pairs 0f screws .36: and 38 respectivelyapassthrough the :two'pairs of brackets 32 and 34. When these screws 36::and 38 are tightened, they tie-the varicus core':elements :and slug-adjustingmeans into a unitary transformerstructure, as shown in Figs. :2 and '3.

axis of movement for a fixed amount of gap ad- I justment. As required, the mating faces of the slugs l6 and I8 may be wedge-shaped, or of many other possible configurations, without departing from thespirit of the invention.

The provision of semi-cylindrical butt-joint surfaces between the slugs l6 and I8 and the curved .core portions 120., Ida, I21), and Nb respectively makes possible a large surface area of butt-joint contact, so that the air gap reluctance of the core is reduced to a minimum.

Three coil iwindings overlie one another around the central core leg sections or slugs I26 and 48, as shown in =Fi'gsu2 and 3. These windings consist of a secondaryicoil S1 wound nearest the slugs, a primary coil "P :Wound over the coil 81, and an additional secondary coil S2 wound over 'bothfcoils S1 and P. Thecoils are separated from one another and from :the slugs t6, and t8 bylany suit able insulating medium.

It will ;be appreciated that, ,upon selective-turning of screw :22, the cylindrical slug I-8 willbezmoved axially so as to vary the width of'theair'gap 20. When an alternating current is flowing through the primary coil .P, such :a variation in the width of the air gap 20' will alter themagneticflux density-in the core frame sections 12 and 14. The result of such a changein the zfluxdensityiin the core sections 12 and H is to alter;'the:overall impedanceof the transformer 18 as refiected into an input ci'rcuitconnected to the primary winding P. Fig.35showsone possible circuitin which the transformer of Figs. ,-1 through '3 might be employed, although it will be clearly understood that this particular circuit is being :given merely as an "illustration, and that the transformer of the present invention is suitable for use innumerous systems where it is desired to couple ojne circuit portion to another.

. In Fig. 5 is-shown acathode ray beam deflection circuit including 'a power output :tube 40 having at least a-n anode, a cathode, anda control electrode. Power tube J is adapted to delivernwhen voltage variations having a waveform such :as indicated by :the reference character A2 are applied between the cathode :and control. electrode thereof, cyclically varying current, a portion of eachcyclepf which varies in'a substantially linear manner iWltih respect totime as shown by thesa,wtooth current waveform 44, to a pair of cathode ray .beam deflection coils AB through. the output or coupling transformer l 0 (shown schematically in :Fig. 5).

The primary winding -,P of -transformer t!) is connected in .;th e output, ;or anode-cathode, circuitcof power tube '40. The secondary winding S1 istepsup the voltage'developed across theprimary winding P for application to amen-voltage.

surge-type rectifier 4.;8 which may, for. example,

The secondary winding S2 of transformer {0 s; is wound or connected in adirection oppositeto that of both windings P and S1. A damper tube .52, in series with a parallel resistance-condenser combination 54, is connected across the secondary winding S2. Damper tube 52, together with the resistance-condenser combination 54 prevents oscillations in the circuit by acting as a switch which closes at the end of the return, orsnapback, portion of each cycle of the sawtooth current wave 34, or, in other words, at thebeginning of each deflection cycle. Theswitching operation of tube 52 causes a current to. flow therethrough which is of such waveform as to assist the power tube 40 in producing the desired. linear current variation through the deflection coils 46. The operation of such a damper tube issetforth in United States Patent No. 2,309,672, granted on February 2, 1943, to Otto H. Schade, and hence will not herein be described in detail. l f

The horizontal cathode ray bea! n .,deflection coils as preferably form part of a yoke assembly (not shown) encircling the neck of kinescope 50. As illustrated in Fig. 5, the series combination of damper tube 52 and resistance condenser .combination 54, as well as the horizontal deflection coils 46, are connected in parallel interrelation across the secondary winding S2 oftransformer I0. e

It will now be appreciated that by varying the air gap 20 (Fig. 2) throughadjustment of screw 22, the flux density in the core frame sections l2 and l 6 is altered. This results in a change in the overall impedance of transformer Ill, and a change in the peak amplitude of the sawtooth current wave 44 flowing through the horizontal deflection coils 46. Since the instantaneous angle of deflection of the cathode ray scanning beam of kinescope B is a function; of the instantaneous strength of the magnetic deflecting field,,which, in turn, depends uponthe amplitude of current wave 44, such a change in peak amplitude of current wave 44 produces achange in the size of the image raster scanned by the cathode ray beam.

'7. The acoustic energy radiation is considerably lower than with cores of the laminated type.

The efficiency of the powdered iron core transformer of the present invention is at a maximum when the horizontal deflection coils 46 form part of a yoke assembly provided with a core structure of approximately the same or an equivalent type of powdered iron material. In such cases, the circuitof Fig. 5 may be represented schematically by the equivalent circuit of Fig. 6, where.

L (with transformer l0) =L (without transformer II), or in other words with the deflection coils 46 being connected directly in the anode-cathode circuit of power tube 40) =inductance of primary winding P Le=inductance of secondary winding S2 Ly=inductance of deflection yoke including the deflection coils 46, and

lc=the coupling coeflicient between windings P and S2.

Using the above terms in the simplified equiva-. lent circuit of Fig. 6, it can be shown that The use of powdered or comminuted iron or where L5 and Ly have been previously defined Deflection produced with transformer and practical yoke D *Defiection produced with ideal yoke with no transformer other finely divided ferro-magnetic material for the construction of the transformer core components l2, l4, l6 and 18 has the following advantages in comparison with cores composed of steel laminations l. The cost of the core structure is substantially lower.

2. Molded construction permits the fabrication of core shapes and designs not practicable with laminations.

3. The particle size distribution of the powdered iron material may be so selected that maximum permeability is attained in the frequency band of interest.

4. The low losses of powdered iron material in the television frequency range cause less heat loss in the transformer and hence a higherefficiency ratio.

5. The lower heat loss permits the enclosing of the transformer for protection against dirt and humidity.

6. The eflicient energy transfer characteristics of the transformer permit reduction in the amount of power that must be delivered by the television power output tube or tubes. In some cases the number of power output tubes required may be reduced.

where FD is the deflection factor k: the coupling coefficientbetween the primary winding P and the secondary winding S2.

A plot of a family of curves representing FD as a function of Ls/Ly for each of a number of prob: able values of k is given in Fig. 7. It will be noted that for each value of 1c, there is a particular value of Ls/Ly which produces the maximunr deflection factor FD. Equations for the. determination of these maxima are or, by substitution in the above equation;

taire'e tithe win ings P ands steam Ee'rdueeq as much as reteu'eab e in view er the efi'e'c't of such an actionon the 'c'o'ubl g ci'entlc.-" g f To make a sound cent rsinn-e between the above factors, it is permissible to 'r'eau'e' the value of L's/Ly as inuch 20% te-soee'beiew the optimum value as shown ilfl Fig. 7 in e'r'erei to reduce the distributeclkcapacity of the windings; such as by rarra'ngen'ierit'th'ereof or by the in ei lla eo 9 hicker, i rns/ tie uleti n- D toih b oad ax m l ube .F t r s PIS/Ly e-( p t Such? in uct on s. t e value of Ls/Ly will, in mostcase s, reduce the deiie ction factor FD y l stha %..9 smaxim myalu Having thus described my invention 1; claim: 1. A core for an electrical tra mer cornprising, a pair of matching frame pieces of sub-- stantially rectangular configuratio nsaid frame sieee's being composed of comminute'd magnetic material, the center portion of two opposite sides of each frame piece being curve away the plane of that n-aaiepieee in such a the inner surface is substantially semi-cylindrical in shape, saidtwo frame pieces being positioned in face-to-fao'e relation so that the adjacent curved portions oi the two frame pieces together define two aligned apertures of cylindrical outline, and a pair of 4 cylindrical core sections also composed of com-minute's material respectively disposed in said a I one of said core section's being securely hld by sai'dfran'ie pieces and the other ocresection being movable axially within its aperture an'dguide'd by said" frame pieces. v z v 2. Apparatus for regulating the size of the image raster scanned by a cathode rey see na in a television system; comprising" a cathode ray beam" deflectioncoil, a ooupling transiorrn'ei apdw'er output tube adapted to deliver cyclically varying current, a portion of each cycle of which varies in a substantially linear manner with respect to time, through the coupling transformer to the cathode ray beam deflection coil, said trans form'erincluding a core comprising a pair or matching frame pieces of substantially rec- '3 A ray teem aeflee'uen system in 'cludiiig' a transformer having a pair "or instunsg name bices or substantially rectangular "configi'iration; th fitral fitiortion or two oposite sides or each name piece 'of each pair be-mg curved away ream the 'pie'n'e or that frame piece in uqii a ma'nner that the i ner surre'eeof each 'euryed screen is substantially jsemi cylindrical in shape, said two frame Iiice's beirig secures in fa' 'e :reee relation "so that the ad acent curved ea n's'df the twbrra'me iiie'eestogetn r denne two au'g'ne'q faser'tures of "cylindrical mmune, a cylindrical; core I'e g disposed "in said apertures, a cathode ray beam deflection co'i1 -,'a power putput tube edema to deliver "a cyclically varyin .cu'r'rent output 'bortiof of 'e'ach'cycle of which varies in a substantially linearfma'nn'er withreseem to time; andacircuit, includingsaid trans- Iforftier, for coupling said power output tube to saideatuo'de fay-beam ueneetioneou that the 7 current output or said power tube will now threughsaideon. H g '4. "A cathode ray be'a'in "deflection system ac ediuirgto "dla'flfi 3 in which said"'c y1indrica1 'cor'e ieg' is-'di'vided into me portions res ectivel dis:

thereinaiidguiddtherebyfor longitudinarmove .ment, and means for adjusting the positionief zSaid .movablecore portion relative to the secured I pore portion, said core portions also being of comtangular configuration the central portion or we opposite sides oifieach name pie'ee er said pair being curved away from" the blame of that frame'piece in such amanner that theinner sur-" face of each curved portion is substantially semicylindrical in shape, said two frame pieces being adapted for positioning in face-'tc'fface relation of said frame pieces Whenthela'tter arep'esi: tioned in face-to-face-relation, and means for' actuating one of thesaidfiliffdrical core leg sections along its longitudinal axis to vary the apparent permeability of said core, whereby thei' peak amplitude orthe cyclically varying current flowing through said cathode ray beam deflection fmin'uted magnetic material.

ALBERT W. FRIEND.

REFERENCES CITED io lloyiinigjreferencesare of record inthe tfil'e or "this iaateiit:

V UNITED STATES eateries Number Name Date- Re. 21,281 Poi-yoororr Nov. 28, 1939 109, 714- Thomson "Au 2 7, 1839 1,414,248 Armor pr; '25, 1922 21 692474 'rraver '1 Ioy. 20, 1928 ess-50s Fans Jan. 4-5, 1929 1,815,380 "Porter et a1. July 21;1'931 1,940,228 Polydoroff nee. 1'9,- l933 12,096,801 Grant och--26, 937 2,180,513- zHarve' Nov. 21, 1939 2261323 

